#Pinterest makes money mainly through #advertising , where #brands pay to show promoted Pins to users who are actively searching for ideas, products, and purchase inspiration. The platform also earns from shopping integrations, affiliate-style product links, and merchant tools that help sellers drive conversions.

Now let’s go deeper.
If you’ve ever wondered “Pinterest ka #business model kya hai? How does it earn so much by just showing Pins?” this #article breaks it down in the simplest way.
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Thousands turned out for a “Liberation Festival” in the Syrian city of Aleppo on Saturday, December 21, to celebrate the end of the Assad regime.
The event included appearances by the Syrian singer Yahya Hawwa, media host Homam Hout, and influencer Yaman Najaar, according to a poster advertising the event.

Footage from journalist Obada Jbara shows thousands of people, including children, thronging Aleppo’s Saadallah Al-Jabri Square and waving the flag of the Syrian opposition which, after the fall of President Bashar al-Assad, became the country’s de facto national flag.
A sister festival was held in Damascus a day earlier, and another event was scheduled in Idlib for the day after

President Joe Biden said Tuesday he was “stupid” not to put his own name on pandemic relief checks in 2021, noting that Donald Trump had done so in 2020 and likely got credit for helping people out through this simple, effective act of branding.

Biden did the second-guessing as he delivered a speech at the Brookings Institution defending his economic record and challenging Trump to preserve Democratic policy ideas when he returns to the White House next month.

The president laid out favorable recent economic data but acknowledgedhis rare public regret that he had not been more self-promotional in advertising the financial support provided by his administration as the country emerged from the pandemic.
“I signed the American Rescue Plan, the most significant economic recovery package in our history, and also learned something from Donald Trump,” Biden said at the Washington-based think tank. "He signed checks for people for 7,400 bucks ... and I didn't. Stupid."

Gambling poses a growing worldwide threat to public health, with its rapid expansion via mobile phones and the internet harming far more people than previously thought, a report warns.

Much stronger global regulatory controls are urgently needed to curb the impact of commercial gambling on global health and wellbeing.

About 450 million people have at least one behavioural symptom or have experienced a harmful personal, social or health consequence of gambling.

80 million people suffer from gambling disorder, a mental health condition identified by a pattern of repeated and continuous betting despite negative consequences on a person’s life.
Incredibly sophisticated marketing, ever-widening easy access to the internet and mobile phones are enabling the gambling industry to reach more people than ever before. These included adolescents and younger children who were routinely exposed to advertising of gambling products in ways that were unprecedented before the digital revolutio

How can labeling and certification schemes help consumers make informed choices between imported and local products?
By Hugo Keji (Part 2)

Section 1: Introduction
Labeling and certification schemes play a critical role in helping consumers make informed choices between imported and local products. With a wide range of products available in the market, consumers often face challenges in distinguishing between imported and locally produced goods and in assessing their quality and safety. This article explores how effective labeling and certification can aid consumers in making better purchasing decisions.

Section 2: The Role of Labeling
Transparency and Information

Labels provide essential information about a product, including its origin, ingredients, and manufacturing processes. This transparency helps consumers:

Identify whether a product is imported or locally produced.
Make informed decisions based on the product’s attributes and compliance with their preferences and values.
Standardization of Labels

Standardized labels ensure consistency in the information presented, making it easier for consumers to compare products. For instance:

International labeling standards for imported goods facilitate clear communication and understanding across different markets.
Consistent labeling practices help consumers quickly assess and compare product attributes.
Nutritional and Safety Information

Nutritional labels inform consumers about the health benefits or risks associated with a product. Safety labels indicate compliance with health and safety regulations, giving consumers confidence in the product’s safety. For example:

Nutritional information on food products helps consumers make healthier choices.
Safety labels on electronics and toys reassure consumers about the product’s safety standards.
Section 3: The Role of Certification Schemes
Quality Assurance

Certification marks indicate that a product has been independently tested and meets specific quality standards. Examples include:

ISO certification, which ensures that products meet international quality management standards.
USDA Organic certification, which guarantees that agricultural products are produced following organic farming practices.
Environmental and Ethical Standards

Certifications related to environmental impact and ethical practices help consumers make choices aligned with their values. Examples include:

Fair Trade certification, which ensures fair wages and ethical labor practices in the production of goods.
Rainforest Alliance certification, which promotes sustainable farming and conservation of natural resources.
Local Certification Schemes

Local certifications highlight products that meet national or regional standards, promoting local industry. Examples include:

Certified South African, which promotes products made in South Africa and adhering to local quality standards.
Made in the USA, which supports American manufacturing and quality assurance practices.
Consumer Trust and Confidence

Recognized certification marks build trust and confidence in the quality and safety of both imported and local products. For instance:

A product bearing the Energy Star certification is trusted for its energy efficiency, whether it is imported or locally produced.
Consumers rely on certification marks to ensure that products have been vetted by reputable organizations.
Section 4: Impact on Consumer Choices
Ease of Decision-Making

Clear labeling and recognizable certification marks simplify the decision-making process for consumers. They enable quick assessment of:

Product attributes such as quality, safety, and ethical standards.
Compliance with personal standards and preferences, making it easier to choose between imported and local products.
Promotion of Local Products

Local certification schemes can promote the consumption of locally produced goods by highlighting their quality and adherence to local standards. For example:

Local certifications can emphasize the freshness and sustainability of local produce.
Encouraging consumers to support the local economy through informed choices.
Comparative Advantage

Certification schemes can give local products a competitive edge by showcasing unique attributes such as organic farming or sustainable practices. Conversely, imported goods with internationally recognized certifications assure consumers of their quality and safety. For instance:

Imported electronics with ISO certification are trusted for their quality.
Locally produced organic foods with local certifications are preferred for their freshness and traceability.

Section 5: Case Studies
Organic Food Products

USDA Organic vs. local organic certifications: Both certifications provide assurance of organic farming practices, enabling consumers to choose based on their preference for local or imported goods. For instance:

USDA Organic certification is recognized internationally, providing trust in imported organic products.
Local organic certifications highlight the benefits of locally produced organic foods, such as freshness and support for local farmers.

Fair Trade Coffee

Fair Trade certification helps consumers identify ethically produced coffee, whether imported or local. This certification supports fair wages and sustainable practices, influencing consumer preferences:

Fair Trade certified coffee ensures that farmers receive fair compensation, promoting ethical consumption.
Consumers can choose Fair Trade certified coffee based on their preference for supporting ethical practices, regardless of the product's origin.
Energy-Efficient Appliances

Energy Star (USA) and EU Energy Label: These certifications help consumers identify energy-efficient products, promoting both imported and local appliances that meet high standards. For example:

Energy Star certification is recognized for promoting energy-efficient appliances, regardless of their origin.
EU Energy Label provides clear information on energy consumption, aiding consumers in making environmentally conscious choices.

Section 6: Strategies for Effective Implementation
Education and Awareness Campaigns

Educating consumers about the meaning and importance of various labels and certifications is crucial. This can be achieved through:

Advertising campaigns and in-store promotions that highlight certified products.
Providing information through digital platforms and educational programs.
Government and Industry Collaboration

Governments and industry bodies should work together to develop and enforce labeling and certification standards. Support for SMEs in obtaining certifications is also essential. For instance:

Collaboration can ensure that labeling standards are comprehensive and effectively communicated.
Support programs can help small businesses achieve certifications, enabling them to compete in the market.
Technological Integration

Using technology such as QR codes can provide additional information about product certifications and standards. This includes:

Developing apps and online resources to help consumers easily verify certifications and understand their significance.
Integrating QR codes on labels to offer detailed product information and enhance transparency.

Section 7: Conclusion
Labeling and certification schemes are vital tools for helping consumers make informed choices between imported and local products. They provide transparency, build trust, and promote quality assurance. Effective labeling and certification practices, combined with education and technological integration, can significantly enhance consumer confidence and support both local and imported products. Continued development and promotion of these schemes are essential for a well-informed and confident consumer base.

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How can labeling and certification schemes help consumers make informed choices between imported and local products?
By Hugo Keji (Part 1)

How Labeling and Certification Schemes Help Consumers Make Informed Choices Between Imported and Local Products.

Overview of the importance of labeling and certification in consumer decision-making.
Brief discussion on the challenges consumers face in distinguishing between imported and local products.

The Role of Labeling:
Transparency and Information-

Provides detailed product information, including origin, ingredients, and manufacturing processes.
Helps consumers identify whether a product is imported or locally produced.

Standardization of Labels-
Ensures consistency in the information presented on labels, making it easier for consumers to compare products.
Adoption of international labeling standards for imported goods to facilitate clear communication.

Nutritional and Safety Information-
Nutritional labels inform consumers about the health benefits or risks associated with a product.
Safety labels indicate compliance with health and safety regulations, giving consumers confidence in product safety.

The Role of Certification Schemes:
Quality Assurance-
Certification marks indicate that a product has been independently tested and meets specific quality standards.

Examples: ISO certification, USDA Organic, Fair Trade

Environmental and Ethical Standards-
Certifications related to environmental impact and ethical practices help consumers make choices aligned with their values.
Examples: Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Carbon Trust Standard.

Local Certification Schemes-
Local certifications highlight products that meet national or regional standards, promoting local industry.

Examples: Certified South African, Made in the USA

Consumer Trust and Confidence-
Recognized certification marks build trust and confidence in the quality and safety of both imported and local products.
Provide assurance that the products have been vetted by reputable organizations.

Impact on Consumer Choices:
Ease of Decision-Making-
Clear labeling and recognizable certification marks simplify the decision-making process for consumers.
Enable quick assessment of product attributes and compliance with personal standards.

Promotion of Local Products-
Local certification schemes can promote the consumption of locally produced goods by highlighting their quality and adherence to local standards.
Encourages consumers to support the local economy.

Comparative Advantage-
Certification schemes can give local products a competitive edge by showcasing unique attributes (e.g., organic, sustainable).
Imported goods with internationally recognized certifications can assure consumers of their quality and safety.

Case Studies:
Organic Food Products-
USDA Organic vs. local organic certifications: Both provide assurance of organic farming practices, enabling consumers to choose based on preference for local or imported goods.

Fair Trade Coffee-
Fair Trade certification helps consumers identify ethically produced coffee, whether imported or local, supporting fair wages and sustainable practices.

Energy-Efficient Appliances-
Energy Star (USA) and EU Energy Label: Help consumers identify energy-efficient products, promoting both imported and local appliances that meet high standards.

Strategies for Effective Implementation:
Education and Awareness Campaigns-

Educate consumers about the meaning and importance of various labels and certifications.
Use advertising and in-store promotions to highlight certified products.

Government and Industry Collaboration-
Governments and industry bodies should work together to develop and enforce labeling and certification standards.

Support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in obtaining certifications to compete in the market.

Technological Integration-
Use technology such as QR codes to provide additional information about product certifications and standards.
Develop apps and online resources to help consumers easily verify certifications and understand their significance.

Summary of the benefits of labeling and certification schemes in aiding consumer choices.
Emphasis on the importance of transparency, trust, and education in promoting informed consumer decisions.
Call to action for continued development and promotion of effective labeling and certification practices to support both local and imported products.

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How can regulatory standards ensure fair competition between imported goods and local products?
By Hugo Keji

Regulatory standards can ensure fair competition between imported goods and local products by creating a level playing field and protecting consumers, workers, and the environment.

Quality and Safety Standards: Imposing strict quality and safety standards for all goods, regardless of origin, ensures that imported products must meet the same criteria as locally produced ones. This prevents substandard or unsafe products from gaining an unfair advantage due to lower production costs.

Environmental Regulations: Applying uniform environmental regulations to both imported and local products ensures that foreign producers do not gain an advantage by bypassing stringent environmental laws. This encourages sustainable practices and prevents "environmental dumping."

Labor Standards: Enforcing labor standards, such as fair wages, working conditions, and child labor laws, helps ensure that imported goods are not produced under exploitative conditions that can undercut local producers who adhere to stricter labor laws.

Health Regulations: Setting health regulations for food, pharmaceuticals, and other products protects consumers and ensures that imported goods do not pose health risks. This maintains public trust and prevents market disruption caused by unsafe imports.

Certification and Labeling Requirements: Requiring certification and accurate labeling of origin, ingredients, and production methods ensures transparency and allows consumers to make informed choices. This can highlight the value of local products and ensure that imported goods meet the same standards.

Testing and Inspection Procedures: Implementing rigorous testing and inspection procedures for both imported and locally produced goods ensures compliance with standards. Regular inspections prevent subpar products from entering the market.

Intellectual Property Protection: Enforcing intellectual property rights prevents the importation of counterfeit goods, ensuring that local producers are not unfairly competed against by cheaper, imitation products.

Anti-Dumping Measures: Regulatory standards can include measures to prevent dumping, where foreign producers sell goods below market value to gain market share. Anti-dumping duties level the playing field by countering these unfair pricing practices.

Standards Harmonization: Working towards harmonization of standards with major trading partners ensures that both imported and local goods adhere to similar regulations, reducing discrepancies and promoting fair competition.

Consumer Protection Laws: Robust consumer protection laws that apply equally to all products, regardless of origin, ensure that consumers are protected from false advertising, unsafe products, and unfair business practices.

Market Surveillance and Enforcement: Active market surveillance and strict enforcement of regulatory standards ensure ongoing compliance, preventing imported goods from bypassing regulations and gaining an unfair advantage.

Establishing and enforcing these regulatory standards, governments can create a fair competitive environment where both imported and locally produced goods are subject to the same rules and quality expectations.
This protects local industries from unfair competition while ensuring that consumers have access to safe, high-quality products.

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What role does consumer preference play in the balance between imported and locally produced goods?
By Hugo Keji

Role of Consumer Preference in the Balance Between Imported and Locally Produced Goods.

Price Sensitivity:-

Cost-Conscious Choices: Consumers often opt for imported goods if they are cheaper than locally produced alternatives.

Value for Money: Consumers weigh the cost against perceived value, often choosing products that offer better quality or features for the same price.

Quality Perception:-

Brand Reputation: Imported goods from established international brands are often perceived as higher quality.

Consistency: Consumers might prefer imported goods if they believe they offer more consistent quality compared to local products.

Cultural and Social Influences:-

Cultural Affinity: Consumers may prefer local products due to cultural significance or a sense of national pride.

Social Trends: Trends and social influences, including endorsements by celebrities or influencers, can sway consumer preferences towards either imported or local goods.

Product Availability and Variety:

Wide Selection: Imported goods often increase the variety of available products, attracting consumers looking for unique or niche items not produced locally.

Seasonal Availability: Some imported goods fill gaps in seasonal availability, making them preferred choices at certain times of the year.

Environmental and Ethical Considerations:-

Sustainability: Environmentally conscious consumers may prefer locally produced goods to reduce their carbon footprint.

Fair Trade: Ethical considerations, such as fair trade practices, can influence consumers to choose local products that support fair labor conditions and community development.

Marketing and Branding:-

Effective Advertising: Strong marketing campaigns by international brands can influence consumer preferences towards imported goods.

Local Branding: Effective local branding that emphasizes unique aspects and benefits of local products can attract consumers.

Impact on Local and Imported Goods Balance:-
Demand Shifts:

Economic Fluctuations: During economic downturns, consumers may shift towards cheaper imported goods. Conversely, in times of economic growth, there may be a stronger preference for higher-quality local products.

Income Levels: Higher income levels can increase demand for premium imported goods, while lower income levels might boost demand for affordable local alternatives.

Market Dynamics:

Competitive Pressure: High consumer preference for imported goods can pressure local industries to improve quality and reduce prices.

Niche Markets: Local producers can carve out niche markets by catering to specific consumer preferences, such as organic or artisanal products.

Policy and Regulation:

Government Support: Policies such as subsidies for local industries, tariffs on imports, and promotion of local goods can influence consumer preferences towards locally produced items.

Trade Agreements: Trade policies and agreements can affect the availability and pricing of imported goods, thereby influencing consumer choices.

Innovation and Adaptation:

Product Development: Local industries may innovate and adapt to changing consumer preferences by developing new products or improving existing ones.

Service Excellence: Providing superior customer service and building strong customer relationships can enhance consumer loyalty to local brands.

Consumer preference plays a crucial role in balancing the demand between imported and locally produced goods.
Factors such as price sensitivity, quality perception, cultural influences, product availability, environmental considerations, and marketing strategies significantly impact consumer choices. These preferences, in turn, shape market dynamics, influence policy decisions, and drive local industries to innovate and adapt to meet evolving consumer demands. Balancing consumer preferences effectively can help sustain both local industries and the availability of diverse imported goods.

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What are the best practices for combating non-communicable diseases in Africa?
By Hugo Keji

Best Practices for Combating Non-Communicable Diseases in Africa:-

1. Promoting Healthy Lifestyles
Summary:
Encouraging healthy behaviors and lifestyles can prevent many non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases.

Strategies:
Diet and Nutrition:
Promote consumption of balanced diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Reduce intake of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.
Implement public awareness campaigns on healthy eating.

Physical Activity:
Encourage regular physical activity through community programs and public education.
Develop public spaces such as parks and recreational facilities to promote physical exercise.
Incorporate physical education into school curricula.

Tobacco and Alcohol Control:
Implement and enforce tobacco control policies, including bans on smoking in public places and advertising restrictions.
Promote smoking cessation programs and provide support for quitting.
Regulate alcohol sales and consumption, and raise awareness about the risks of excessive drinking.

Impact:
Reduced incidence of NCDs.
Improved overall public health.
Lower healthcare costs associated with NCDs.
2. Enhancing Early Detection and Screening

Summary:
Early detection and screening can significantly improve the outcomes for individuals with NCDs by enabling timely treatment and management.

Strategies:
Screening Programs:
Establish regular screening programs for high-risk populations for diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
Ensure accessibility and affordability of screening services.

Health Check-ups:
Promote regular health check-ups and monitoring of vital health indicators.
Integrate NCD screening into primary healthcare services.

Public Awareness:
Conduct awareness campaigns on the importance of early detection and regular screening.
Use media, community outreach, and educational programs to disseminate information.

Impact:
Early diagnosis and better management of NCDs.
Improved survival rates and quality of life for patients.
Reduced burden on healthcare systems.

3. Strengthening Healthcare Systems
Summary:
Building robust healthcare systems with the capacity to manage and treat NCDs is crucial for combating these diseases.

Strategies:
Healthcare Infrastructure:
Improve healthcare facilities with necessary equipment and resources for NCD management.
Ensure the availability of essential medications and treatments for NCDs.

Training and Capacity Building:
Train healthcare workers in NCD prevention, diagnosis, and management.
Develop specialized programs for NCD care, including cardiology, oncology, and endocrinology.

Integrated Care:
Implement integrated care models that coordinate services across primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care.
Develop patient-centered approaches to manage multiple chronic conditions.

Impact:
Enhanced capacity to diagnose and treat NCDs.
Improved patient care and outcomes.
More efficient use of healthcare resources.

4. Implementing Policy and Regulatory Measures
Summary:
Strong policies and regulations can create environments that support healthy lifestyles and reduce NCD risk factors.

Strategies:
Legislation:
Enact laws to control tobacco and alcohol use, including taxation, advertising bans, and age restrictions.
Implement policies to reduce salt, sugar, and trans fats in processed foods.

Regulations:
Establish standards for food labeling and advertising to promote healthy choices.
Regulate the availability and marketing of unhealthy foods, particularly to children.

Health Promotion Policies:
Develop national strategies and action plans for NCD prevention and control.
Allocate resources and funding for NCD programs and initiatives.

Impact:
Reduced exposure to NCD risk factors.
Increased public awareness and engagement in healthy behaviors.
Supportive environments for NCD prevention and control.

5. Encouraging Research and Data Collection
Summary:
Research and data collection are essential for understanding NCD patterns, identifying risk factors, and developing effective interventions.

Strategies:
Epidemiological Studies:
Conduct research to understand the prevalence, causes, and trends of NCDs in different populations.
Identify and monitor risk factors specific to African contexts.

Data Systems:
Develop and maintain robust health information systems to track NCD cases and outcomes.
Use data to inform policy decisions and program planning.

Collaboration:
Foster partnerships between governments, research institutions, and international organizations.
Share knowledge and best practices for NCD prevention and control.

Impact:
Evidence-based policies and interventions.
Improved understanding of NCD dynamics.
Enhanced ability to target and tailor NCD programs.

6. Engaging Communities and Stakeholders
Summary:
Community engagement and multi-sectoral collaboration are crucial for the successful implementation of NCD prevention and control strategies.

Strategies:
Community Programs:
Develop community-based programs to promote healthy behaviors and provide support for NCD management.
Engage local leaders and organizations in health promotion activities.

Partnerships:
Collaborate with schools, workplaces, and civil society organizations to implement NCD initiatives.
Involve the private sector in supporting health promotion and disease prevention.

Advocacy:
Advocate for increased attention and resources for NCDs at local, national, and international levels.
Mobilize communities to demand better NCD services and support.

Impact:
Greater community involvement in health initiatives.
Increased reach and effectiveness of NCD programs.
Stronger support for NCD policies and interventions.

Combating non-communicable diseases in Africa requires a comprehensive approach that includes promoting healthy lifestyles, enhancing early detection and screening, strengthening healthcare systems, implementing supportive policies and regulations, encouraging research and data collection, and engaging communities and stakeholders.
By adopting these best practices, African countries can effectively address the growing burden of NCDs and improve the health and well-being of their populations.

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What are the major public health challenges facing India today?
By Hugo Keji

Major Public Health Challenges Facing India Today
India, with its vast population and diverse socio-economic landscape, faces numerous public health challenges.
These challenges are multifaceted, ranging from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and are compounded by socio-economic factors, environmental issues, and healthcare infrastructure limitations.

Below are some of the major public health challenges facing India today:

1. Infectious Diseases
Tuberculosis (TB): India has the highest burden of TB globally, with drug-resistant strains adding complexity to treatment efforts.

HIV/AIDS: While progress has been made, HIV/AIDS remains a significant health issue, particularly among marginalized groups.

Malaria and Dengue: Vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue are prevalent, especially during the monsoon season, posing ongoing public health threats.

COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities in India's healthcare system, from testing and treatment capacity to vaccine distribution challenges.

2. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Cardiovascular Diseases: Rising rates of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality.

Diabetes: India is often referred to as the "diabetes capital of the world," with millions affected by this chronic condition.

Cancer: Increasing cancer rates, partly due to lifestyle changes and environmental factors, present a growing health burden.

Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are prevalent, exacerbated by air pollution.

3. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal Mortality: Despite improvements, maternal mortality rates remain high, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

Child Malnutrition: Malnutrition, including undernutrition and stunting, affects millions of children, impacting their growth and development.

Infant Mortality: High rates of infant mortality, driven by factors like low birth weight, infections, and inadequate neonatal care, are a persistent challenge.

4. Environmental Health Issues
Air Pollution: India has some of the world's most polluted cities, leading to severe respiratory and cardiovascular health issues.

Water and Sanitation: Access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation remains limited for many, contributing to diseases like diarrhea and cholera.

Climate Change: Extreme weather events and changing climate patterns exacerbate health risks, including heat-related illnesses and vector-borne diseases.

5. Healthcare Infrastructure
Access to Healthcare: Disparities in healthcare access, especially between urban and rural areas, pose significant challenges.

Healthcare Workforce: A shortage of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and allied health workers, hampers effective service delivery.

Healthcare Financing: High out-of-pocket expenses and inadequate health insurance coverage lead to financial strain and limited access to essential healthcare services.

6. Mental Health
Stigma and Awareness: Mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and suicide, are rising, with stigma and lack of awareness limiting access to care.

Availability of Services: Limited mental health services and trained professionals restrict the ability to address these issues comprehensively.

7. Public Health Infrastructure and Policy
Disease Surveillance: Strengthening disease surveillance systems is crucial for timely detection and response to health threats.

Health Education: Enhancing public health education and awareness campaigns can help prevent many health issues.

Policy Implementation: Effective implementation of health policies and programs is essential to address these challenges sustainably.

Addressing these public health challenges requires a multi-faceted approach, involving government initiatives, community engagement, and international cooperation.
Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, improving access to essential services, and addressing socio-economic determinants of health are crucial steps toward a healthier future for India.

How has India managed the COVID-19 pandemic?

India's management of the COVID-19 pandemic has been a complex and multifaceted endeavor, involving nationwide lockdowns, healthcare system strengthening, mass vaccination drives, and public health campaigns.

Here’s a detailed look at the key strategies and actions taken by India to manage the COVID-19 pandemic:

1. Initial Response and Lockdowns
Nationwide Lockdown: India imposed a strict nationwide lockdown in March 2020, one of the earliest and most extensive measures globally, to curb the spread of the virus. This lockdown aimed to reduce transmission rates and prepare healthcare infrastructure.

Containment Zones: The government identified and isolated containment zones where infection rates were high, implementing strict movement restrictions and targeted interventions.

2. Healthcare Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Hospital Capacity: Efforts were made to increase hospital capacity, including setting up temporary COVID-19 care centers and converting existing facilities to accommodate COVID-19 patients.

Oxygen Supply: Amid the devastating second wave in 2021, the government focused on ramping up the production and distribution of medical oxygen, addressing critical shortages that had led to numerous deaths.

Ventilators and ICU Beds: The procurement of ventilators and the expansion of ICU bed capacity were prioritized to handle severe cases.

3. Testing and Contact Tracing
Testing Expansion: Testing capacity was rapidly expanded across the country, with both RT-PCR and rapid antigen tests becoming widely available.

Contact Tracing: Extensive contact tracing efforts were implemented, utilizing mobile applications like Aarogya Setu to track and notify individuals of potential exposure to the virus.

4. Vaccination Campaign
Vaccine Development: India played a significant role in vaccine development, with Covaxin (developed by Bharat Biotech) and Covishield (developed by AstraZeneca and produced by the Serum Institute of India) being the primary vaccines used.

Mass Vaccination Drives: The government launched one of the largest vaccination drives in the world, aiming to inoculate its vast population. By the end of 2021, India had administered over a billion doses.

Free Vaccination: The government provided free vaccines to all eligible citizens, prioritizing healthcare workers, frontline workers, and high-risk populations initially.

5. Public Health Measures and Awareness Campaigns
Mask Mandates and Social Distancing: The enforcement of mask-wearing and social distancing measures was promoted through public health campaigns.

Information Dissemination: The government utilized various media channels to disseminate information on COVID-19 protocols, symptoms, and vaccination benefits.

6. Economic and Social Support
Economic Relief Packages: To mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic, the government announced relief packages that included direct cash transfers, food distribution, and support for small and medium enterprises.

Migrant Workers: Special trains and transportation arrangements were made for migrant workers stranded during the lockdown, although initial efforts faced significant challenges.

7. Research and Innovation
Genomic Surveillance: India enhanced genomic surveillance to track virus mutations and variants, contributing to global understanding of the virus's evolution.

Treatment Protocols: Continuous updates to treatment protocols based on emerging evidence and global best practices helped improve patient outcomes.

Challenges and Criticisms:
Despite these efforts, India faced several challenges and criticisms in its COVID-19 management:

Second Wave Impact: The second wave in April-May 2021 was particularly devastating, with overwhelmed healthcare facilities, oxygen shortages, and a high death toll highlighting gaps in preparedness and response.

Vaccine Hesitancy: Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation posed obstacles to achieving widespread immunization coverage.

Inequities in Healthcare Access: Disparities in healthcare access between urban and rural areas, and among different socio-economic groups, affected the overall effectiveness of the response.

India’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic involved a mix of stringent public health measures, rapid healthcare system enhancements, and an ambitious vaccination campaign.
While there were significant achievements, particularly in vaccine rollout and testing capacity, the pandemic also exposed vulnerabilities in the healthcare infrastructure and the need for better preparedness for future health emergencies.
Ongoing efforts to strengthen healthcare systems and improve public health resilience remain crucial for managing the long-term impacts of the pandemic.

What strategies can be implemented to tackle non-communicable diseases?

Strategies to Tackle Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases are significant public health challenges worldwide. Effective strategies to tackle NCDs require a comprehensive approach that includes prevention, early detection, management, and policy interventions.

1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct widespread campaigns to raise awareness about the risk factors and prevention methods for NCDs. This includes education on healthy lifestyles, balanced diets, regular physical activity, and the dangers of tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

School Health Programs: Implement health education programs in schools to instill healthy habits from a young age. This can include nutritional education, physical activity, and anti-smoking campaigns.

Community Engagement: Mobilize communities through local health initiatives, support groups, and outreach programs to promote healthy living and early detection of NCDs.

2. Policy and Regulation
Tobacco Control: Enforce strict regulations on tobacco advertising, increase taxes on tobacco products, and implement smoke-free public places to reduce tobacco consumption.

Alcohol Control: Regulate alcohol advertising, increase taxes on alcoholic beverages, and implement programs to reduce alcohol abuse.

Food and Nutrition Policies: Promote healthy eating by regulating the marketing of unhealthy foods, especially to children, and encouraging the availability of healthy food options in schools and workplaces.

Urban Planning: Develop urban policies that promote physical activity by ensuring the availability of parks, walking and cycling paths, and recreational facilities.

3. Screening and Early Detection
Routine Health Screenings: Promote regular health check-ups and screenings for early detection of NCDs, such as blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and cancer screenings.

Accessible Diagnostic Services: Ensure that diagnostic services are accessible and affordable, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

Mobile Health Clinics: Deploy mobile health units to reach remote and underserved populations for screening and early detection services.

4. Healthcare System Strengthening
Integrated Care Models: Develop integrated care models that address the continuum of care for NCDs, from prevention and early detection to treatment and rehabilitation.

Training Healthcare Professionals: Train healthcare workers, including community health workers, in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of NCDs.

Patient-Centered Care: Implement patient-centered care approaches that involve patients in decision-making, emphasize self-management, and provide holistic care.

5. Management and Treatment
Affordable Medications: Ensure the availability of affordable medications for the management of NCDs, including essential drugs for hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.

Chronic Disease Management Programs: Develop and implement chronic disease management programs that provide continuous care and support for patients with NCDs.

Rehabilitation Services: Provide rehabilitation services for patients recovering from NCD-related conditions, such as cardiac rehabilitation and physiotherapy.

6. Research and Innovation
Epidemiological Research: Conduct research to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, including risk factors, disease patterns, and effective interventions.

Innovative Technologies: Utilize digital health technologies, such as telemedicine, mobile health apps, and electronic health records, to enhance the prevention, diagnosis, and management of NCDs.

Behavioral Interventions: Develop and test innovative behavioral interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and adherence to treatment.

7. Monitoring and Evaluation
Surveillance Systems: Establish robust surveillance systems to monitor the prevalence and incidence of NCDs, as well as the effectiveness of interventions.

Outcome Evaluation: Regularly evaluate the outcomes of NCD prevention and management programs to identify best practices and areas for improvement.

Data-Driven Decision Making: Use data from surveillance and research to inform policy decisions and allocate resources effectively.

Conclusion
Tackling non-communicable diseases requires a multifaceted approach that involves health promotion, policy interventions, healthcare system strengthening, and community engagement. By implementing these strategies, countries can reduce the burden of NCDs, improve health outcomes, and enhance the quality of life for their populations. Coordination among governments, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities is essential to achieve these goals effectively.

Do Celebrities Make Ads More Effective?
A celebrity's mere presence in an ad may matter more than what they're doing in it.

KEY POINTS-
A 2022 study looked at the influence of celebrities in ads on people’s attention to products.
Whether a celebrity looked at a product or the viewer had no influence on where participants looked.
But a celebrity's presence increased the chances participants chose a product compared to non-celebrities.
These results could not be explained by the attractiveness of the endorsers.

Perhaps one of the most memorable commercials from the 2024 Super Bowl featured Chris Pratt and his mustache sitting on a couch munching on Pringles potato chips. If you're like many who watched the commercial, you were probably digging through your pantry searching for Pringles after the advertisement.

What about a 30-second clip of a man lounging on a couch compels us to reach for Pringles? Many might attribute it to his distinctive mustache, slick hair, or simply the presence of the renowned American actor Chris Pratt. But the product itself—the actual Pringles supposedly being advertised—seemed to take a backseat to Pratt.

The cost of a 30-second Super Bowl ad can soar to 7 million dollars and stars like Pratt can earn millions from these appearances. So, it’s worth asking: How much does Pratt’s presence truly influence the sale of potato chips?

Do Celebrities Draw Our Attention to Products—Or Suck It Away From Them?
One reason advertisers want viewers to be exposed to and look at their products is because of the “mere exposure” effect. This phenomenon says that the more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it. This explains why we are more likely to buy a product we’ve seen before than one we’ve never encountered.

But in order to be exposed to something, we first need to notice it. That’s one way that celebrity endorsements might be effective. Celebrities catch our attention and therefore increase the chances that we will at least get exposed to the products in the ads. But if celebrities end up drawing our attention away from the product a company is selling, a celebrity appearance could backfire, something that marketers call the “vampire effect.”

This is what a group of researchers led by Simone D’Ambrogio set out to test in a 2022 study. Specifically, they tested whether where a celebrity looked in an ad affected where people’s attention was drawn and whether it affected their consumer choices.

Seventy-three adults were recruited for the study and were given computer tasks. The study included three phases. In the first phase, participants saw two pictures of common snack foods from 15 side-by-side images for 105 unique pairings. They were instructed to choose just one preferred image from each pair for all 105 unique pairings. This test eliminated consumer bias on a particular snack, since snacks that were always or never chosen by the participants were eliminated from the analysis of the study.

In the second phase, participants were shown a collection of ads for snacks from the first phase. Some showed a celebrity looking at the snack, some showed a non-celebrity looking at the snack, and others showed celebrities and non-celebrities looking at the viewer. For example, the celebrity pairings included Selena Gomez posing with Hippeas, Kim Kardashian with Veggie Straws, and John Legend with a Nature Valley granola bar.

The researchers tracked participants’ eye movements as they looked at the ads. They were mainly focused on where they were looking: the product, the person in the ad, or elsewhere. In the last phase, participants repeated the choice task from the first phase.

Celebrities Have Influence That Matters
Take any commercial and observe the endorser with the product. More often than not, their eyes are directed toward the product at some point during the advertisement. This is because of the gaze cueing effect, in which an individual’s gaze directs our attention in that direction.

For the non-celebrity ads, the results were in line with this phenomenon: participants looked longer at the snacks when the people in the ads were looking at the snacks. And recall the mere exposure effect: more looking time leads to more product exposure.

However, with a celebrity selling the product, where the celebrity was looking didn’t affect where participants looked. Even so, the researchers found that participants were more likely to choose the snacks endorsed by the celebrities than the non-celebrities when they repeated the choice task. (On average, this effect amounted to getting one additional person out of nine to choose a snack endorsed by a celebrity compared to if it were endorsed by a non-celebrity.)

While it might be tempting to associate celebrities' attractiveness with their advertisements' success, the researchers ruled out this explanation by running an online survey. They recruited volunteers to rate the attractiveness of celebrities and non-celebrities used in the study and found that, on average, volunteers rated the non-celebrities as slightly more attractive than celebrities.

The Celebrity Effect in Advertising
So, is it worth employing a celebrity to endorse your product for a 30-second commercial, or is money better spent elsewhere? The study can be summarized in one idea: the celebrity effect. This basic idea is that a celebrity selling a product increases the chances the viewer will ultimately buy that product.

The Chris Pratt Pringles commercial was memorable, but was it effective? The study offers some mixed evidence. On the one hand, it found that non-celebrities were more effective at directing participants to look at the products. But perhaps because of the celebrity effect, seeing a famous actor like Pratt rather than a nobody might have actually made a difference.

Whether you are part of a marketing team preparing to advertise for the Super Bowl or a couch critic, start paying attention to these hidden tricks designed to draw you into a product. Often, you would be surprised at how much credibility and expertise we too easily give away to what is just an actor reviewing potato chips.

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China issues draft rules to expand cross-border e-commerce.....

China on Tuesday issued draft rules to promote construction of overseas warehouses and expand cross-border e-commerce businesses, which have become a vital force in its foreign trade, according to the Chinese commerce ministry.

Companies including Shein, PDD Holdings' Temu and Alibaba's AliExpress, which predominantly ship made-in-China products "cross border" to markets around the world have been rapidly growing in recent years.

This has opened a new avenue for growth for some firms previously focused on domestic consumption, which remains muted by a macroeconomic slowdown, prolonged property crisis and income insecurity.

The commerce ministry's announcement, which covered draft rules for both inbound cross-border e-commerce as well as outbound, said it would also seek to improve cross-border data management and optimise the supervision of cross-border exports.

National ministries and government departments will smooth financing channels and help cross-border e-commerce companies to "go global", the ministry said.

Chinese Retailer Temu Gains Edge Over eBay In US Market.....
Chinese e-commerce newcomer Temu, a division of PDD Holdings Inc (NASDAQ:PDD), has swiftly outpaced veteran eBay Inc. (NASDAQ:EBAY) in terms of attracting repeat U.S. customers, despite eBay’s nearly three decades of operation.

A recent survey conducted by Omnisend revealed that 34% of consumers shop on Temu monthly, surpassing eBay’s 29%, reported Bloomberg.

This surge in customer engagement for Temu comes as the company invests heavily in marketing and promotional discounts.

Notably, Temu’s advertisements, including two Super Bowl commercials, have effectively drawn customers to its platform, where they typically wait a week or more for items shipped directly from China.

Temu’s aggressive advertising strategies and social media presence, encapsulated by their “Shop like a billionaire” campaign, have hugely contributed to their rapid growth in the competitive U.S. market.

The pandemic-induced price surge has altered consumer behaviors significantly, with only 40% of U.S. shopping journeys starting on Amazon.com Inc (NASDAQ:AMZN) last year, down from over half in 2022.

Temu's rise reflects a broader trend of consumers increasingly starting their shopping journeys on search engines like Google (NASDAQ:GOOGL), seeking better deals across various platforms.

While Temu’s pricing attracts consumers, the company faces challenges with product quality and delivery speeds, areas where competitors like Amazon excel with their vast array of fast and reliable services.

Despite these hurdles, Temu’s model of direct-from-factory sales continues to gain traction among price-conscious shoppers.

Price Action: PDD shares are trading lower by 0.79% at $147.31 at the last check on Tuesday.

Tens of thousands take to the streets in show of support for Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.............

Tens of thousands took part in a so called 'Peace March' in Budapest on Saturday to show their support for Viktor Orbán and the Hungarian government.

Many of the marchers felt that the stakes in next week's European Parliament elections (and local elections in Hungary) will be higher than ever.

"The whole world is dancing on a razor's edge, war could break out at any moment. Everyone must speak up and stand for peace," said one demonstrator.

Orbán's supporters marched along the Danube River in Budapest from the city's iconic Chain Bridge onto Margaret Island, waving flags and signs reading "No War."

Orbán is the longest serving leader in the European Union, having been in power for the last fourteen years. He has focused his campaign for the European elections on the war in Ukraine.

Critics say his appeals for an immediate cease-fire in Ukraine would result in Russia being able to retain territories it has occupied.

In return, Orbán portrays his opponents as warmongers who seek to involve Hungary directly in the conflict.

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Orban's social media mouthpiece zeroes in on EU ahead of vote

Ahead of EU elections on June 9, a deluge of misinformation amplifying the Hungarian government's key talking points on the war in Ukraine has flooded the country's social media platforms.

Content creators affiliated with Hungary's opaque Megafon Centre have been behind a tide of well-crafted video clips distributed online.

Megafon was created in 2020 with a mission "to amplify the voice of the right and counterbalance the dominance of the left-wing mainstream on the internet", according to its website.

But critics say it has become the latest mouthpiece for nationalist Prime Minister Viktor Orban's Fidesz party, amplifying its narratives while slamming those critical of the government and most recently the EU.

Since the beginning of the year, Megafon has poured more than 650 million forints ($1.8 million) into promoting its content on Facebook, according to estimates by the platform's owner Meta.

No other political party in the EU has spent as much as Megafon over the same period, according to AFP.

While some clips accuse European leaders of "wanting nuclear war", others suggest that women might soon be forced to produce weapons in factories and children may be sent to the front lines.

Several videos also featured remarks by French President Emmanuel Macron on the possibility of sending Western troops to Ukraine and his proposed debate on the role of the country's nuclear arsenal in Europe.

But Macron's remarks were taken out of context and skewed to portray European leaders as wanting "a third world war".

An advocate for peace talks between Ukraine and Russia and the Kremlin's closest EU ally, Orban has characterised the upcoming European Parliament elections as a referendum on the war, saying he was now "fighting for peace alone" in the bloc.

- 'Seemingly infinite' funding -

During Orban's 14 years in power, Hungary's media landscape has been transformed, with public media long a government mouthpiece and large swathes of the private media sector owned by pro-government allies.

But the nationalist leader still had to win over the electoral support of younger, urban citizens, who had increasingly been turning online including for news.

In the wake of the opposition's surprise win in the capital Budapest and other larger cities in 2019, Megafon was born.

"Immense amounts of money were poured into dominating social media platforms" as if Megafon had "seemingly infinite" resources, Kata Horvath of the Mertek Media Monitor watchdog told AFP.

Unlike other influencers with "grassroots support", Megafon's content creators "owe the majority of their views to advertising", she explained.

The source of Megafon's funding remains unclear.

In recent weeks, Megafon "has spent so much money that I can't imagine a Hungarian who hasn't seen them in their Facebook feed", said analyst Robert Laszlo of the Political Capital think-tank.

Megafon says it is financed by private donors, rejecting allegations by independent media that taxpayers' money funnelled through various organisations was involved.

In the past, Megafon's director Istvan Kovacs, a former Fidesz candidate, said the centre has "no formal relations" with any political party.

Megafon did not respond to an interview request by AFP.

- 'Digital freedom fighter' -

According to expert Laszlo, Megafon is simply "another tool for the government" to "convey the key messages of the ruling party louder, and more simplistically".

"Pieces from real speeches and videos are manipulatively edited to appeal to emotions" in order to forge "hostile narratives, where there is always someone to blame", he said.

Through Megafon's clips, Orban's Fidesz aims to reach more Hungarians who do not follow politics closely "but can still be persuaded to lean towards the party", Laszlo added.

In addition to its costly political campaigns, Megafon offers free four-day training courses to anyone who seeks to become a "right-wing digital freedom fighter".

More than a thousand people have already taken the training courses, according to the centre.

Among them are dozens of Fidesz candidates standing in local elections on June 9, an investigation from AFP partner Lakmusz recently revealed.

In early May, Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto praised Megafon's efforts at a public event organised by the centre, calling on them to "fight a fierce online battle" in the coming weeks.

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PSYCHEDELICS-
8 Ways to Learn About Psychedelics.
How the public can find out what medicines are safe and effective.

Amidst the surge of headlines and research articles regarding psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for trauma, depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues over the past few years, it can be challenging to sort fear, fiction, and facts. Panic or panacea? Medicine or menace? Renaissance or reality? The word psychedelics alone can elicit anything from obstinate cynicism to unbridled enthusiasm.

As psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) gains popularity (currently, Ketamine is legal, and likely MDMA later this year), harm reduction has emerged as a parallel arm to help ensure the greatest care is taken. Psychedelic medicines are an amplifier and therapeutic catalyst, and, for these same reasons, including hyperplasticity of the brain and psychological vulnerability, they put people at risk for potential psychological harm1.

Part of harm reduction is educating the public about what is known so far about these medicines as well as how and why they are being recommended in combination with psychotherapeutic support before, during, and after the medicine dosing. These key components to safe and effective PAT are often referred to as set, setting, and support. When psychedelics are used with intention and skill, research and indigenous wisdom show psychedelics can be incredible healing catalysts. However, just like a ladder or a knife, they can also be used ineptly and destructively.

There is appropriate public skepticism regarding medicines, old or new. Many patients with chronic pain with whom I've worked over the past 20 years were told opioids were safe, non-addictive, and the side effects were worth it. Many of them ended up with more pain, more complicated health problems, tolerance, and sometimes addiction. Many other people have been misinformed or are uninformed about the true risks of antidepressant, antianxiety, and antipsychotic medicines that are still commonly used.

Promises, Promises
How can the public be more informed about psychedelics and PAT and trust it isn’t just another pill being oversold? Here are some ways to stay informed about new uses of new or old medicines:

Read the research for yourself: Many research articles can be found on PubMed, a free search engine that accesses a database such as MEDLINE for scientific journals on biomedical and life sciences. Reading and interpreting the articles can be cumbersome, but this is one avenue to see what is going on. Check what the research says and take note of any retracted studies (studies found to be too flawed or false). One study published in 2002 claimed MDMA (ecstasy) caused toxicity to dopamine neurons, severe illness, and death in primates (Ricaurte, et al. 2002 Science). However, this study was retracted the following year as the authors inadvertently administered high doses of methamphetamine, not MDMA2.

Check who funded the study or project: Funding is listed on the back page of most peer-reviewed published studies. Take into account who paid for the research and what results they might hope to find. Implicit or explicit bias may be present and this could affect the outcomes of the study. Psychologist Lisa Cosgrove (BMJ, 2024) recently found that over half of the members of the team who created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of psychiatric diagnoses have financial conflicts of interest in the millions of dollars, impacting what symptoms are considered to be normal or pathological before treatment even begins3.

Observe how institutions manage their mistakes: Inevitably, mistakes are made, as is the case with any person or group. Observe how each institution, company, or person takes responsibility for any mistakes, failures, or blunders in their research or use of PAT. A core part of the deep therapeutic work of PAT includes working with shadow—those parts typically hidden or denied. Watch for those with transparency and compassion in communications—key ways trust is built with the public.
Learn about Indigenous history and wisdom: Psychedelic medicines as healing and spiritual catalysts predate Western medicine to pre-historic times. Archeological evidence throughout history shows that over 90 percent of the societies studied used expanded states of consciousness with psychedelic plants for healing and religious ceremony. This included 437 cultures worldwide (Bourguignon, 1973)4. It is beneficial to pay attention to Indigenous wisdom over millennia and appreciate the deep roots of many of the psychedelic medicines.

Be aware of advertising: Be aware of advertising messages that oversell a product as a fix-all. PAT has greatly benefited many people, but should not be considered a panacea. On the other hand, take note of who may be labeling a substance as dangerous and toxic with no medical use, as happened in the 1970s with marijuana and psychedelics. Psychedelic medicines are being shown to be safer and more effective than previously assumed, but nothing has zero risk. Beware of all or none extremes and take into account what a company or group may have to gain from their message of fear or of a magic bullet.
Watch other countries: Watch what other countries are doing with psychedelic medicines. MDMA and psilocybin therapy have recently been legalized in Australia. Listen to the pros and cons that patients, therapists, and other healthcare providers report from these countries. Brazil, Czeckia, the Netherlands, Spain, Uruguay, and Portugal have legalized psychedelics and have reported a reduction in crime and large savings for law enforcement.

Notice who benefits: Note who stands to gain short-term and long-term from PAT and what the actual impact is. Many research participants, including veterans, front-line healthcare workers, terminal cancer patients, and people with depression, suicidal thoughts, pain, and anxiety, report a great reduction in symptoms after PAT in one to three doses plus therapy5. Currently, there is bipartisan support to continue pursuing research for veterans with symptoms of PTSD and traumatic brain injury. A well-informed public with psychedelic literacy can keep it from becoming a divisive political issue.

Remember there is no one way: There are many ways to do deep healing work. Stay vigilant regarding proclaimed experts, gurus, and guides who state that they or their medicines are the only way to heal from trauma and stress. Any healthcare provider or researcher you work with should be highly skilled and approach you with unconditional positive regard and respect for your individual process. Approaching this type of work with a humble and collaborative spirit is a necessary component of its success. Any treatment that fails to empower a patient is unlikely to be a good treatment.